Lebanon

The Land of Cedars and Cultural Harmony

Lebanon, officially the Lebanese Republic, is a small yet historically and culturally rich country located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. Renowned for its breathtaking mountains, ancient cities, and vibrant multicultural identity, Lebanon serves as a meeting point of East and West, where ancient Phoenician heritage coexists with modern Arab dynamism.

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🏛️ Formation & Historical Background

Lebanon’s civilization dates back over 5,000 years, tracing its roots to the Phoenicians, one of the world’s earliest maritime trading civilizations.

Key Historical Timeline:

• 3000 BCE: Rise of Phoenician city-states – Byblos, Tyre, Sidon

• 64 BCE: Incorporated into the Roman Empire – development of Baalbek and other cities

• 7th Century CE: Islam spread peacefully; coexistence of Muslims and Christians

• 1516–1918: Under the Ottoman Empire

• 1920: Placed under French Mandate after World War I

• 1943 (Nov 22): Independence of the Lebanese Republic

• 1975–1990: Lebanese Civil War – division and reconstruction

• 2006: Israel–Hezbollah conflict

• Present: Democratic republic with ongoing reforms and resilience amid economic challenges

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🧭 Basic National Information

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⚖️ Government and Leadership

Lebanon’s governance is unique — power is shared among religious communities:

• President: Maronite Christian

• Prime Minister: Sunni Muslim

• Parliament Speaker: Shia Muslim

This system, though complex, ensures representation of Lebanon’s diverse population.

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🗺️ Administrative Structure

Lebanon is divided into 8 governorates (muhafazat), further subdivided into districts (qada) and municipalities.

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🌐 Geography & Environment

• Location: Eastern Mediterranean, bordered by Syria (north & east) and Israel (south)

• Coastline: 225 km along the Mediterranean Sea

• Terrain: Coastal plains, Lebanon Mountains, fertile Bekaa Valley

• Major Rivers: Litani, Orontes

• Climate: Mediterranean – hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters

• Natural Resources: Limestone, water, arable land, cedar wood

Mount Lebanon Cedars, symbol of the nation, are featured on its flag and represent endurance and peace.

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Local Government Structure

• Each governorate is administered by a Governor (Muhafiz).

• Districts are overseen by Qa’immaqam, while municipalities have elected councils and mayors.

• Local governance includes service delivery, land regulation, and development planning.

• Municipal elections are held every 6 years.

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Leadership & Governance

• Power-sharing system based on religious sects has created both representation and gridlock.

• Political influence is often affected by external actors (Iran, Saudi Arabia, France, etc.).

• Frequent cabinet reshuffles, caretaker governments, and constitutional crises.

• Anti-corruption movements and civil society protests have gained strength post-2019.

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Law Enforcement & Safety

• Main agencies:

  • Internal Security Forces (ISF)

  • General Security Directorate

  • Lebanese Army – strong role in national unity and border control

• Challenges:

  • Political assassinations, protests, terrorism threats, refugee tensions

• Emergency Numbers:

  • 112 – General emergencies

  • 175 – Fire

  • 140 – Red Cross ambulance

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🕌 Religion, Language & Culture

Cultural Highlights:

• Known as the “Paris of the Middle East” for its vibrant cosmopolitan life

• Cuisine: Tabbouleh, hummus, kibbeh, shawarma, baklava

• Music & Arts: Fairuz (iconic singer), Lebanese cinema and festivals

• Fashion & Design: Beirut – regional hub for art and fashion

• Festivals: Independence Day, Cedars International Festival, religious holidays of all faiths

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📈 Economy & Key Sectors

Lebanon’s economy is service-oriented, with a strong focus on banking, tourism, and trade, though it faces challenges from political instability and currency devaluation.

Efforts under Lebanon’s Economic Recovery Plan 2030 aim to rebuild banking confidence and attract foreign investment.

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🎓 Education & Healthcare

Lebanon’s universities and hospitals are among the most advanced in the Middle East.

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✈️ Transport & Infrastructure

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🏞️ Tourism & Attractions

Despite its size, Lebanon offers unmatched diversity — from snowy mountains to Mediterranean beaches, ancient temples, and nightlife.

Top Destinations:

• Beirut: Corniche, National Museum, Downtown district

• Byblos (Jbeil): One of the world’s oldest cities

• Baalbek: Roman temples (UNESCO World Heritage Site)

• Jeita Grotto: Natural wonder with limestone caves

• Beqaa Valley: Vineyards and agricultural heartland

• Cedars of God: Ancient cedar forests in Bsharri

• Tyre & Sidon: Phoenician ports with historical ruins

• Mount Lebanon: Ski resorts and scenic mountain villages

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🌍 Global Role & Relations

Lebanon continues to symbolize coexistence, diversity, and freedom of belief in the Arab world.

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📝 Summary

Lebanon is a land of extraordinary beauty, deep history, and enduring spirit. From the ancient Phoenician ports to modern Beirut’s skyline, Lebanon remains a beacon of culture and resilience — where religion, art, and hospitality unite to form a unique national identity rooted in peace and creativity.

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📢 News & Articles

• “Lebanon’s Economic Revival: Balancing Heritage and Reform”

• “From Phoenicia to Modern Lebanon: The Journey of a Civilized Nation”

• “Beirut Rising: The Rebirth of a Timeless City”

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🎯 Our Mission

This profile highlights Lebanon’s ancient heritage, cultural diversity, and ongoing path to recovery — as part of the AFP Global Knowledge Hub, promoting knowledge, understanding, and cooperation.

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📬 Contact Us

For verified updates, factual contributions, or new insights on Lebanon, please reach out to our editorial team.